prezi.com/gsngyqiidhwi/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy . Click this link to access my online PREZI
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Find this on Instagram www.instagram.com/p/BqIbS0VF8J8/?fbclid=IwAR27T7YTp8XSlSTT26xTOWwTsOJEfTQdPeiEHj0bkujce510pxFr3fkxTtchttps://www.instagra BRONZE AGE Knowledge of metalworking gradually spread from Europe to Ireland during the 2nd millenium BC ( 2000 years Before Christ).The Bronze Age was called so after the metal Bronze which was a mixture of copper and tin. Copper was a soft metal which was easy to shape and mould and it was discovered that if a small amount of tin was added to copper that a much stronger metal was formed. This new metal was called Bronze. During the Bronze Age this new metal was used to make functional objects such as cooking pots, axes and shields. Gold was the preferred metal to make jewellery and decorative ornaments from. Unlike modern times, gold was commonly found in Ireland during the Bronze Age. Gold Discs Gold Discs , also called sun Discs were among the very first metal objects made in Ireland. A piece of gold was hammered flat until it became a thin sheet – like gold foil. Then the circular disc shape was cut out using a sharp tool. The decoration was made using a technique called Repoussé. This was where the design was hammered in from behind so that it stood up in relief in the front. In the Gold Disc from teldavnet the cruciform design was hammered in from behind. The edges of the disc were decorated with concentric circles which were made using the repoussé technique. It is believed that these Gold Discs were worn – in the hair or attached to clothes. There are two holes in the centre of the discs ( like a button) where gold wire would have been threaded through to tie the discs to the clothes or the hair. Gold Disc, Teldavnet, Co Monaghan. In this Gold Disc you can see just how thin the gold has become from being hammered- its like gold foil. You can also see the two holes in the centre which were used to fasten the gold disc using gold wire. Pair of gold discs, Tedavnet, Co. Monaghan. Early Bronze Age, 2200 – 2000 bc. Discovered in the roots of an old tree, this pair of discs is the largest and most sophisticated of the Early Bronze Age discs known from Ireland. A complex arrangement of raised lines, rows of dots and zig-zags has produced a central cross surrounded by concentric patterns similar to other discs but much more elaborate in composition and, technically, far superior. The combination of the techniques of repoussé, punching and polishing, together with the slight doming of the surfaces, highlights and gives a depth and texture to the discs not seen on other pieces. 1872:34, 35. D. 11.3 and 11.5 cm; Wt. 22.5 and 22.8 g.Armstrong 1920, 84; Cahill 1983, 100objects.ieLunula Blessington Lunula, Co WIcklow ; The British MuseumLunula were worn around the neck. They are cresent shaped and are called after the cresent moon – lunula. They were made by hammering gold flat into a sheet and cutting out the cresent shape using a sharp tool. They were decorated with a technique called “Incision”- this involved cutting or incising into the surface using a sharp tool. Typically the designs that were incised into a Lunula were chevrons (zig- zags) and Lozenges ( diamond shapes). Lunula were among the first gold objects to be made in Ireland and they date to the Early Bronze Age. Chevrons and Lozenges incised into the Blessington Lunula.Torcs Torcs are twisted bands of gold which were made in various sizes to be worn around the neck, arms,around the waist like a belt or even small ones to be worn as earrings. Torcs date from the middle Bronze Age. They use much more gold than the earlier Bronze Age objects such as the Gold Discs or Lunula and are a much heavier piece of jewellery. . A gold bar or band was twisted to form a rope like pattern. Often the gold bar was beaten thin at the edges to form a flange before being twisted. This is called flange twisting. It produces a much more delicate twisted edge than without flanging. Two gold torcs, Tara, Co. Meath. Middle Bronze Age, 1200 – 1000 bc. Found at the Rath of the Synods, Tara, Co. Meath, in 1810, these magnificent torcs which, between them, contain over a kilogram of gold, are the finest of their class from Ireland. They are of exceptionally large size and are further elaborated by the addition of extensions to the terminals, a feature which is not recorded elsewhere. Torcs of this type are made from bars of square or rectangular section, the angles of which have been hammered up to produce flanges. The even twisting of such a long bar requires considerable expertise and understanding of the working properties of the metal. W192, W173. D. 43.0 and 37.3 cm; Wt. 852.0 and 385.1 g. Armstrong 1920 159; Eogan 1967, 132–3, 139, 164; Cahill 1983, no. 9. 100 Objects.ie Gold Ribbon Torc . Found near Belfast. 3rd Century BC. National Museum of Ireland. In this Torc you can see that the edges of the gold band were beaten very thin before being twisted. This produces a very delicate appearance like a ribbon giving the name Ribbon Torc . Photo by Reena Ahluwalia. Flanged Gold Earrings, Castlerea, Co Roscommon Dress Fasteners Dress Fasteners of all sizes were made during the middle Bronze Age. This Fastener below is very large and heavy weighing over one kilo. It probably was used only for ceremonial purposes. It is decorated with engraved concentric circles. Gold Dress Fastner from Clones, Co Monaghan . Photo by Reena AhluwaliaGorget A Gorget is a type of gold collar to be worn around the neck. Gorgets were made during the Late Bronze Age and they display the range of artistry metalworking techniques that were developed during the Bronze Age. A Gorget is made in three sections. A collar and two Terminal Discs. The collar is decorated with rope pattern designs using the teacnique of Repoussé which involved hammering in the design from behind so that it stood out in relief. The terminal discs show a range of designs and techniques. In the centre a conical shaped boss stands out very prominently from the surface. Covering the surface of each disc is an elaborate design of rings of dots made in Repoussé and rings of incised concentric circles. [3:21] Gorget,, Gleninsheen, Co. Clare. Late Bronze Age, 800-700 bc. Found in a rock cleft in 1932 at Gleninsheen, Co. Clare, this collar is an exceptional example of the highly developed goldsmithing skills displayed by Irish craftsmen in the Late Bronze Age. While conforming closely to the pattern of ornamentation prescribed for such collars, the smith, by varying the detail of the motifs, has achieved a tour de force. In particular, the frontal terminal discs are of superb craftsmanship. The layout and execution of the designs incorporating concentric circles, rope patterns and conical and round bosses, have been expertly achieved. Gleeson 1934, 138–9; Cahill 1983, no. 21. 100 Objects.ie Detail of Gorget. This is a close up view of one of the Terminal Discs. You can see in the very centre there is a large cone shaped Boss. Decorating the surface of the Terminal Disc are rings of raised dots made using the Repoussé technique and also rings of concentric circles which have been engraved into the surface. This article was written by Deirdre Morgan except where credited otherwise.
Click the above link to download my powerpoint on the Stone Age.
Pre-Christian Ireland- Stone age Neolithic Age 3700-2000 B.C. Around 3700 B.C. the hunter gatherers and fishermen were replaced with people from central Europe, who travelled to Ireland through England or Scotland. What we know about these farmers comes from their stone graves called megalithic tombs. They placed importance on life after death by building imposing resting placed for the dead rather than for the living. These people were organised farmers with complex social groups. They brought livestock with them, they cleared forests and the whole island had regular contact with land overseas. The people who made Newgrange were intelligent and organised, farmers and had a good knowledge of astronomy. They set a lot of importance on ritual symbolism. They used the river to transport materials, therefore had good knowledge of engineering. They lived in wattle and daub huts. Megalithic (large stone) Burial Monuments
Ardara, Co. Donegal 170 in total around Ireland Between 3 and 7 standing stones supporting 1 or 2 capstones Single slabs rested against back to form the chamber.
Has a rectangular or circular burial chamber, with a corbelled roof. The chamber would serves as the tomb and the court would hold the rituals
Newgrange Located in the Boyne Valley Co. Meath Constructed around 3000-2000
The passage is 21m long, it is lines and roofed with large stones and slopes gently upwards. There is one main chamber and 3 niches, with stone basins Roof of chamber is corbelled, layers of flattish stone in circles, each layer moving further inwards than the one below, until closed by single stone at the top. Stones tilted downwards to stop water entering the chamber Once there stood 32 standing stones (monoliths) now there are only 12, believed to be used for astronomical observations. Now believed not to be contemporary with the mound. 97 kerbstones form the perimeter of the mound and a wall of white quartz stone stands on top.
Used for ceremonies and rituals Burial chamber lights upon the 21st of December, which also helped it function as a calendar to the people. Number of cremated remains found is relatively small compare to the size of the community and the length of time for which the mounds were used. This suggests that only important members of the community were buried there or that they were ritual or sacrificial burials. Some believe tat the designs on the stones relate to the movements of sun, moon and planets, which would have been a way to keep track of the seasons and important community events
The Stone Age people obviously from there amazing commitment had a very deep belief in the meaning and function of these tombs, as they were not even used for their own benefit of shelter. It also suggests that the society was well established and they had time to make wondrously huge tombs. Construction probably began with the layout of the passages as their orientation to the sun was an essential part of the purpose. The line kerb would have been laid out early on as it was the retaining structure for the body of the mound.
Entrance stone Carved with pointed flint stone and hammer, the channels on this are 4cm wide. On the far left there are lozenges, and as we move right we can see a triple spiral, then two double spirals surrounded by waves, curves and zig zags. Kerbstone 52 Situated opposite the entrance stone. Highly decorated but less harmoniously than the entrance stone. Consists of 3 sections. Diamonds on the bottom left, spirals on the top left and group of concentric circles with dots and rectangles Above the entrance to the passage there is a roof box, the lintel above this is decorated with radiating triangle carvings. |
Ms O'ReillyArt teacher Archives
January 2019
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